Bacteria and Growth Temperature

INTRODUCTION The environments of Earth entangle conditions in which physical and chemical extremes look at it very difficult for organisms to survive. Conditions that butt destroy living cells and biomolecules take on high and low temperatures low amounts of type O and irrigate and high levels of salinity, acidity, alkalinity, and radiation. Examples of extreme environments on Earth ar anxious geysers and oceanic thermal vents, Antarctic ocean sparkler, and group O-depleted rivers and lakes. Organisms that keep evolved special adaptations that consent to them to locomote in extreme conditions ar c exclusivelyed extremophiles. P bittero by Dmitry Pichugin Thermophiles atomic number 18 microorganisms with optimum process temperatures between 60 and 108 degrees Celsius, isolated from a g all overnment issue of marine and terrestrial geothermally- hop uped habitats including shallow terrestrial hot springs, hydrothermal vent systems, situate from vol placeic islands, an d deep sea hydrothermal vents. -Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology, 2002. vol. 3. Temperature and bacteria The lowest temperature at which a particular species will climb up is the minimum process temperature, bandage the maximum growth temperature is the highest temperature at which they will grow.The temperature at which their growth is optimal is called the optimum growth temperature. In general, the maximum and minimum growth temperatures of few(prenominal) particular type of bacteria atomic number 18 about 30F (-1C) apart. Most bacteria blow up at temperatures at or somewhat that of the human body 98. 6F (37C), and some, much(prenominal) as Escherichia coli, are normal parts of the human intestinal flora. These organisms are mesophiles (moderate-temperature-loving), with an optimum growth temperature between 77F (25C) and 104F (40C).Mesophiles have fitted to thrive in temperatures close to that of their host. Psychrophiles, which prefer cold temperatures, are divided into both groups. One group has an optimal growth temperature of about 59F (15C), but can grow at temperatures as low as 32F (0C). These organisms alive(p) in ocean depths or gum elastic regions. Other psychrophiles that can excessively grow at 32F (0C) have an optimal growth temperature between 68F (20C) and 86F (30C). These organisms, sometimes called psychrotrophs, are often those associated with food spoilage nether refrigeration.Thermophiles thrive in very hot environments, many having an optimum growth temperature between 122F (50C) and 140F (60C), similar to that of hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Such organisms thrive in compost piles, where temperatures can pinch as high as 140F (60C). Extreme thermophiles grow at temperatures above 195F (91C). Along the sides of hydrothermal vents on the ocean layabout 217 mi (350 km) north of the Galapagos Islands, for example, bacteria grow in temperatures that can domain 662F (350C). pH and bacteriaLike temperatu re, pH also plays a role in determining the ability of bacteria to grow or thrive in particular environments. Most commonly, bacteria grow optimally within a narrow die hard of pH between 6. 7 and 7. 5. Acidophiles, however, prefer acerbic conditions. For example, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, which occurs in drainage water from coal mines, can survive at pH 1. Other bacteria, such as Vibrio cholera, the cause of cholera, can thrive at a pH as high as 9. 0. Osmotic pressure and bacteria Osmotic pressure is a nonher passing factor in the growth of bacteria.Bacteria are about 80-90% water they imply moisture to grow because they obtain most of their nutrients from their aqueous environment. Examples of Extreme Communities blockheaded Sea. The deep sea environment has high pressure and cold temperatures (1 to 2 degrees Celsius 33. 8 to 35. 6 degrees Fahrenheit), except in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents, which are a part of the sea floor that is spreading, creating cracks in the e arths crust that release heat and chemicals into the deep sea environment and create underwater geysers.In these vents, the temperature whitethorn be as high as 400 degrees Celsius (752 degrees Fahrenheit), but water frame liquid owing to the high pressure. Hydrothermal vents have a pH range from about 3 to 8 and unusual chemistry. In 1977, the submarine Alvin prepare breeding 2. 6 kilometers (1. 6 miles) deep near vents along the easterly Pacific Rise. Life forms ranged from microbes to invertebrates that were adapted to these extreme conditions. Deep sea environments are home to psychrophiles (organisms that like cold temperatures), hyperthermophiles (organisms that like very high temperatures), and piezophiles (organisms adapted to high pressures).Hypersaline Environments. Hypersaline environments are high in salt concentration and include salt flats, evaporation ponds, natural lakes (for example, Great Salt Lake), and deep sea hypersaline basins. Communities living in these environments are often dominated by halophilic (salt-loving) organisms, including bacteria, algae, diatoms, and protozoa. in that respect are also halophilic yeasts and other fungi, but these normally cannot tolerate environments as saline as other tax. Deserts. Deserts can be hot or cold, but they are always dry.The Atacoma desert in chilli is one of the oldest, driest hot deserts, sometimes existing for decades without any precipitation at all. The coldest, driest places are the Antarctic Dry Valleys, where primary inhabitants are cyanobacteria, algae, and fungi that live a few millimeters beneath the sandstone rock surface. Although these endolithic (living in rocks) communities are ground on photosynthesis, the organisms have had to adapt to long periods of darkness and extremely dry conditions.Light dustings of snow that whitethorn melt in the Antarctic summer are often the only sources of water for these organisms. Ice. Permafrost, and Snow. From high-altitude glaciers, of ten colored pink from red-colored algae, to the frosty permafrost, vitality has evolved to use frozen water as a habitat. In some instances, the organisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, and algae, are actually living in liquid brine (very salty water) that is contained in pockets of the ice. In other cases, microorganisms name living on or in ice are not so much ice lovers as much as ice survivors.These organisms may have been trapped in the ice and simply possess sufficient adaptations to enable them to persist. Atmosphere. The ability for an organism to survive in the halo depends greatly on its ability to withstand desiccation and exposure to ultraviolet light radiation. Although microorganisms can be found in the upper layers of the atmosphere, it is unclear whether these realise a functional ecosystem or simply an aerial suspension of live but largely inactive organisms and their spores. Outer Space.The study of extremeophiles and the ability of some to survive exposure to the conditions of outer space has raised the theory that life might be found elsewhere in the universe and the possibility that simple life forms may be capable of traveling by means of space, for example from one planet to another. Research Findings Newfound gene may help bacteria survive in extreme environments Resulting microbial lipids may also signify oxygen dips in Earths history. Jennifer Chu, MIT watchword Office July 26, 2012 A newly discovered gene in bacteria may help microbes survive in low-oxygen environments.A bacterial cell with the gene, left, exhibits preventative membranes. A cell without the gene, right, produces no membranes. Image Paula Welander In the days pastime the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, methane-eating bacteria bloomed in the Gulf of Mexico, feasting on the methane that gushed, along with oil, from the damaged well. The sudden influx of microbes was a scientific distinctiveness Prior to the oil spill, scientists had observed relatively few s igns of methane-eating microbes in the area. promptly researchers at MIT have discovered a bacterial gene that may explain this sudden influx of methane-eating bacteria.This gene enables bacteria to survive in extreme, oxygen-depleted environments, lying dormant until food such as methane from an oil spill, and the oxygen needed to metabolize it become available. The gene codes for a protein, named HpnR, that is responsible for producing bacterial lipids known as 3-methylhopanoids. The researchers say producing these lipids may better prepare nutrient-starved microbes to make a sudden appearance in nature when conditions are favorable, such as after the Deepwater Horizon accident.The lipid produced by the HpnR protein may also be used as a biomarker, or a tactile sensation in rock layers, to identify dramatic changes in oxygen levels over the course of geologic history. The thing that interests us is that this could be a window into the geologic past, says MIT Department of Earth , Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS) postdoc Paula Welander, who led the research. In the geologic record, many millions of years ago, we see a number of atomic reactor extinction events where there is also evidence of oxygen depletion in the ocean.Its at these key events, and immediately afterward, where we also see increases in all these biomarkers as well as indicators of climate disturbance. It seems to be part of a syndrome of warming, ocean deoxygenation and biotic extinction. The ultimate causes are unknown. Welander and EAPS Professor Roger Summons have published their results this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This theatrical role shows that 5 different extreme environments that the extremeophile live. Such as, Sea Vennts at sea floor, Yellowstone Hotsprings, Antartica Subglacial Lakes, at Atacama Desert, and lastly at Jupiter (Space).Europa is one of Jupiters moons, and is covered in ice. Scientists have recently uncovered strong ev idence of liquid water beneath Europas ice, which may be due to hydrothermal vents, which may in turn host bacteria. Credit Nicolle Rager Fuller, NSF REFFERENCES 1. http//science. jrank. org/pages/714/Bacteria. htmlixzz28JlGDpue 2. Horikoshi, K. , and W. D. Grant. Extremophiles microbial Life in Extreme Environments. New York Wiley-Liss, 1998. 3. Madigan, M. T. , and B. L. Marrs. Extremophiles. Scientific American 276, no. 4 (1997) 8287. 4.Rothschild, L. J. , and R. L. Mancinelli. Life in Extreme Environments. Nature 409 (2001) 10921101. 5. Seckbach, J. , ed. Journey to Diverse Microbial Worlds Adaptation to Exotic Environments. Dordrecht, Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. 6. http//www. biologyreference. com/Ep-Fl/Extreme-Communities. htmlbixzz28Jn5EptD 7. http//www. nsf. gov/news/special_reports/sfs/index. jsp? id=lifesid=ext ASSIGNMENT 1 BACTERIAS THAT LIVE IN EXTREAM ENVIRONMENT NAME SARANKUMAR PERUMALU intercellular substance NO 4112033021 LECTURER MR MOOHAMAD ROPANING SULONG