Prevention of Colon Cancer through Proper Nutrition Essay

Incilairce Colon crabby person is the third most oftentimes diagnosed pubic louse and is the second primary cause of cancer deaths in conjugation America. The relative incidence is slightly 650,000 cases every course of study oecumenic and has been increasing in the past few forms.However, the mortality rate has decreased in 2002 the worldwide incidence was 278,000 male and 251,000 female cases every year (Landis, Murray, Bolden, & Wingo, 1999). In throng 65 historic utmost or older, the incidence rate of colon cancer is 70% (Parkin, Whelan, Ferlay, Raymond, & Young, 1997). In mint not a good deal than 65 years old, the incidence is ab divulge 120 new cases for every 100,000 inhabitants every year in people aged 55-75, the incidence of colon cancer is approximately 200 for every 100,000 inhabitants every year (Jemal et al., 2004) The lifetime assay of colorectal cancer in the general population is 2.5% to 5%, which means that 25-50 out of 100 people will get colon cancer in their lifetimes (Adrouny, 2002). This endangerment is change magnitude two- or threefold if there is a first-degree congener who has had an adenomatous polyp or cancer. Mortality is about 90 for every 100,000 inhabitants per year (Jemal et al., 2004). The male-to-female ratio varies from 1.0 to 1.4 depending on the tumor registry that is reporting the data (Adrouny, 2002). The risk of colon cancer increases with age. The studyity of cases occur in people oer the age of sixty. In people between the ages of forty and fifty years the incidence of colon cancer is 15 new cases per 100,000 persons (Adrouny, 2002).Modifiable assay Factors While m any(prenominal) mechanisms remain ambiguous, many studies flip indicated that a derive of lifestyle and dietary factors ar likely to have significant consequences on the risk of colon cancer. Smoking early in life, credibly in combination with a diet that has no or low in some micronutrients like methinine and folate, is likely to increase the risk of colon cancer. otherwise environmental exposures, much(prenominal) as smoking, are also likely to be involved in causing colon cancer. Moreover, overeating, weight gain in adulthood, and obesity are strongly implicated as risk factors for colon cancer. Not only are obesity and weight gain associated with the strawman of adenomatous polyps, but so is weight variability over a period (Adrouny, 2002). Physical inactivity or sedentary occupation is also a major risk factor for colon cancer. According to Giovannucci (2002), processed meats, cerise meat, and possibly refined carbohydrates may increase colon cancer risks. Also, more recent evidence show that chronic hyperinsulinemia is likely to have an modulate on colon cancer risks. As insulin resistance and subsequent hyperinsulinemia is induce by excess energy intake and some characteristics of the Western diet, such as refined carbohydrates and saturated expounds, insulin may contribute to colon cancer (G iovannucci, 2002). In addition, agents with chemopreventive properties like postmenopausal estrogens and aspirin are likely to have unpleasant effects, thus making general recommendations require a cagy consideration of the risk-benefit ratio.Non-Modifiable Risk Factors Although the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of colon cancer may still be incompletely understood, it is acknowledged that the anatomic precursor of colon cancer is the adenomatous polyp. Basically, adenoma is a benign growth from a glandular create from raw material a polyp is a growth protruding from a mucose membrane. People who have adenomatous polyps in the colon are at increased risk of developing cancer. whiz major non-modifiable risk factor is the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).Here, an affected individual develops hundreds or thousands of polyps by his or her teen years, any one of which may develop into a cancer. Preventive action, usually consisting of ingeminate examination or removal of the colon, is necessary, along with careful screening of family members for this disorder. The Gardner syndrome is probably a variant of FAP it occurs about half as frequently and has equal clinical features. It may affect the small intestine as head as the colon. Oldfield and Turcot syndromes might be related to FAP. While the former is associated with sebaceous cysts, the latter is associated with tumors of the central nervous system and may be genetical by an autosomal recessive gene. Another risk factor for colon cancer is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Although these forms of colon cancer mature from polyps, individuals do not have an abundant proliferation of polyps as in the abovementioned polyposis syndromes. The polyps that are name in family members have an extraordinarily high likelihood of progressing to cancer. ginmill The large body of evidence shows that it is feasible to prevent colon cancer. In their study, Emmons et al. (2005) approximate tha t a significant fraction of the colon cancer risk in the middle-aged men in the United States might be avoidable with optimal common lifestyle and dietary behaviors. National recommendations and clinical practice and for adult men and women in the US already promoted the sideline for the taproom of cancer in general, and colon cancer in peculiar(a) controlling of obesity, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, increasing physical activity, consuming more fruits and vegetables and diets that are low in saturated fat (American Cancer Society, 1996).The following prevention practices are specifically aimed at middle aged (30-50 years) American men. As mentioned earlier in this paper, there is a higher incidence rate of colon cancer in men than women, and that this age hold up is highly at risk for colon cancer. The focus is the primary prevention of colon cancer by consuming more fruits and vegetables. The consumption of fruits and vegetables as a measure in preventing colon ca ncer has been supported in many studies (e.g., Smith-Warner, Genkinger, & Giovannucci, 2006). It was found that for total vegetables, 75% of the results reported in 22 case-control studies suggested that colon cancer risk was cut back by at least 20% for those in the highest compared with the lowest intake category, with 33% of the estimates indicating that the reducing in risk exceeded 50%.For total fruits, the results have been less consistent among 19 case-control studies 48% of the risk estimates suggested at least a 20% reduction in risk and only 11% showed more than a 50% lower risk for the highest versus the lowest intakes (Kousnik et al., 2007). Furthermore, in an earlier review of 21 case-control and four cohort studies by an international panel, credible evidence was found that vegetable consumption indeed reduces colon cancer risks ( world Cancer question Fund, 1997). Studies have also suggested that dietary calcium plays a role in protecting against colon cancer it may do so by binding fatty sharps and bile acids and directly inhibiting abnormal growth of colon epithelial cells. products and vegetables are thought to reduce the risk of colon cancer because they have a higher composition of part compared to other diets. On the other hand, diets low in fiber and high in fat intake are thought to increase the risk of the cancer. Thus, it is not surprise that, in Africa and Asia, where dietary customs place emphasis on high-fiber, low-fat foods, fruits, and vegetables, people have lower incidence of colon cancer compared to the United States and Europe. The major explanation for the protective effect of cereal fiber is not known. One of the most convincing theories is that fiber has a dilutional effect on fecal ingredients which may cause development of cancer. It also has an effect on the meteoric passage of stool through the bowel, thus reducing cell victimize and contact time (Adrouny, 2002).In general, however, more recent epidemiologic que ry has tended not to support the strong influence of fiber in preventing colon cancer instead, some phytochemicals or micronutrients in foods rich in fiber may be important. Folate is one nutrient that has of late been receiving much attention and is increasingly being studied in randomized interpolation trials. Recent research suggests that persons who supplement their diet with at least 800 micrograms of the vitamin folic acid on a daily basis have a reduced incidence of colon cancer (Adrouny, 2002).ReferencesAmerican Cancer Society. (1996). 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